In: Experimental Brain Research, 2006, vol. 168, no. 4, p. 541-546
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In: Cerebral Cortex, 2000, vol. 10, no. 3, p. 272-283
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In: Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 1985, vol. 8, no. 4, p. 599-599
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In: Cerebral Cortex, 2000, vol. 10, no. 3, p. 205-205
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In: Cerebral Cortex, 1995, vol. 5, no. 2, p. 135-147
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In: Nature, 2001, vol. 412, p. 43-48
According to contemporary learning theories, the discrepancy, or error, between the actual and predicted reward determines whether learning occurs when a stimulus is paired with a reward. The role of prediction errors is directly demonstrated by the observation that learning is blocked when the stimulus is paired with a fully predicted reward. By using this blocking procedure, we show that the...
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In: Science, 2005, vol. 299, no. 5614, p. 1898 - 1902
Uncertainty is critical in the measure of information and in assessing the accuracy of predictions. It is determined by probability P, being maximal at P = 0.5 and decreasing at higher and lower probabilities. Using distinct stimuli to indicate the probability of reward, we found that the phasic activation of dopamine neurons varied monotonically across the full range of...
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In: Science, 2001, vol. 307, no. 5715, p. 1642-1645
It is important for animals to estimate the value of rewards as accurately as possible. Because the number of potential reward values is very large, it is necessary that the brain's limited resources be allocated so as to discriminate better among more likely reward outcomes at the expense of less likely outcomes. We found that midbrain dopamine neurons rapidly adapted to the information provided...
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In: Experimental Brain Research, 2005, vol. 162(4), p. 520
Rewards are often not only valued according to their physical characteristics but also relative to other available rewards. The striatum (caudate nucleus, putamen, ventral striatum including nucleus accumbens) is involved in the organization of movement and the processing of reward information. We studied the activity of single striatal neurons in macaques that were presented with different...
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