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Resource rent taxation and benchmarking : a new perspective for the Swiss hydropower sector

Banfi, Silvia ; Filippini, Massimo ; Svizzera

The electricity generation in Switzerland is mainly based on hydropower (55% of total production). The exploitation of water in the hydropower sector can generate significant so-called resource rents. These are defined by the surplus return above the value of capital, labor, materials and energy used to exploit hydropower. In Switzerland, hydropower producers pay to the State a fixed fee per...

Measuring the likelihood property of scoring functions in general retrieval models

Bache, Richard ; Strathclyde, Glasgow, Scotland ; Baillie, Mark ; Glasgow, Scotland ; Crestani, Fabio ; Svizzera

In: Journal of the American society for information science and technology, 2009, vol. 60, no. 6, p. 1294-1297

Although retrieval systems based on probabilistic models will rank the objects (e.g. documents) being retrieved according to the probability of some matching criterion (e.g. relevance) they rarely yield an actual probability and the scoring function is interpreted to be purely ordinal within a given retrieval task. In this paper it is shown that some scoring functions possess the likelihood...