In: Blood Matters: Studies in European Literature and Thought, 1400-1700, 2018, p. 183-197
This essay discusses blood as 'proof' in the late fifteenth-century Croxton Play of the Sacrament, and in Shakespeare's Macbeth. In Croxton, a bloody severed hand becomes a mark of the guilt of Jew Jonathas in torturing the eucharistic wafer; both Macbeth and his wife repeatedly allude to the ease or difficulty of washing blood off their murdering hands. Drawing evidence from historical...
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In: Nova et Vetera, English Edition, 2003, vol. 1, no. 2, p. 283-301
For Thomas Aquinas (d. 1274), the first effect (res et sacramentum) of the sacrament of penance is “inner penance”. Aquinas does not juxtapose “reconciliation with the Church” and ”reconciliation with God”, as some medieval authors did, and as some 20th Century theologians suggested by considering “reconciliation with the Church” as the first effect of penance. For Aquinas,...
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