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The evolutionary genetics of canalization

Flatt, Thomas

In: The Quarterly Review of Biology, 2005, vol. 80, no. 3, p. 287-316

Evolutionary genetics has recently made enormous progress in understanding how genetic variation maps into phenotypic variation. However, why some traits are phenotypically invariant despite apparent genetic and environmental changes has remained a major puzzle. In the 1940s, Conrad Hal Waddington coined the concept and term “canalization” to describe the robustness of phenotypes to...

Why There Are No Essential Genes on Plasmids

Tazzyman, Samuel J. ; Bonhoeffer, Sebastian

In: Molecular Biology and Evolution, 2015, vol. 32, no. 12, p. 3079-3088