Gygax et al. (2008) showed that readers form a mental representation of gender that is based on grammatical gender in French and German (i.e., masculine supposedly interpretable as a generic form), but based on stereotypical information in English. In the present study, a modification of their stimulus material was used to examine the additional potential influence of pronouns. Across the three...
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This study aims to evaluate people’s gender representation of role names across three different languages, English, French and German. In order to provide norms for role names to be further used in research on gender stereotyping, 362 participants filled in a questionnaire about their estimates of the proportion of men and women in different roles. Role names are any names that incorporate...
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Gygax, Oakhill and Garnham (2003) showed that, contrary to the assumption of earlier research (e.g. Gernsbacher, Goldsmith, & Robertson, 1992), readers do not infer specific emotions such as guilt or boredom. This paper presents evidence for the non-specificity of emotional inferences regardless of the nature of the stories. In Experiment 1 and 2, Gygax et al.’s stories were made longer. In...
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This paper argues that emotional inferences about characters in a text are not as specific as previously assumed (Gernsbacher et al., 1992; Gernsbacher and Robertson, 1992; Gernsbacher et al., 1998; DeVega et al., 1996; DeVega et al., 1997). The emotional information inferred by readers does not differentiate between emotions that are similar, though not identical. In both Experiments 1 and 2,...
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The influence of stereotype and grammatical information (masculine intended as generic) on the representation of gender in language was investigated using a sentence evaluation paradigm. The first sentence introduced a role name (e. g. The spies came out…) and the second sentence contained explicit information about the gender of one or more of the characters (e. g. …one of the women…). The...
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In this paper we argue that the generic use of the masculine represents a grammatical rule that might be easy to learn but difficult to apply when understanding texts. This argument is substantiated by reviewing the relevant literature as well as the recent work conducted by the GREL Group (Gender Representation in Language) on the interaction between stereotypical and grammatical information in...
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We collected norms on the gender stereotypicality of an extensive list of role nouns in Czech, English, French, German, Italian, Norwegian, and Slovak to be used as a basis for the selection of stimulus material in future studies. We present a web-based tool (https://www.unifr.ch/lcg/) that we developed to collect these norms and that we expect to be useful for other researchers as well. In...
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