Differential EMG Biofeedback for Children with ADHD: A Control Method for Neurofeedback Training with a Case Illustration
Maurizio, S. ; Liechti, M. ; Brandeis, D. ; Jäncke, L. ; Drechsler, R.
In: Applied Psychophysiology and Biofeedback, 2013, vol. 38, no. 2, p. 109-119
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- The objective of the present paper was to develop a differential electromyographic biofeedback (EMG-BF) training for children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) matching multiple neurofeedback training protocols in order to serve as a valid control training. This differential EMG-BF training method feeds back activity from arm muscles involved in fine motor skills such as writing and grip force control. Tonic EMG-BF training (activation and deactivation blocks, involving bimanual motor tasks) matches the training of EEG frequency bands, while phasic EMG-BF training (short activation and deactivation trials) was developed as an equivalent to the training of slow cortical potentials. A case description of a child who learned to improve motor regulation in most task conditions and showed a clinically relevant reduction of behavioral ADHD symptoms illustrates the training course and outcome. Differential EMG-BF training is feasible and provides well-matched control conditions for neurofeedback training in ADHD research. Future studies should investigate its value as a specific intervention for children diagnosed with ADHD and comorbid sensorimotor problems