Parasite- and predator-induced maternal effects in the great tit (Parus major)
Basso, Alessandra ; Coslovsky, Michael ; Richner, Heinz
In: Behavioral Ecology, 2014, vol. 25, no. 5, p. 1105-1114
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- Organisms often face the simultaneous risk of predation and parasitism and a trade-off among the responses is predicted. Concurrent exposure of great tit mothers before reproduction to both of these stressors showed no interactive effect on growth and phenotype of offspring via maternal responses conveyed through eggs. Parasites, both via maternal effects and via direct exposure of nestlings, negatively influenced offspring phenotype, while risk of predation had no significant effect