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Nonlinearities, feedbacks and critical thresholds within the earth's climate system

Rial, José A. ; Pielke, Roger A. ; Beniston, Martin ; Claussen, Martin ; Canadell, Josep ; Cox, Peter ; Held, Hermann ; Noblet-Ducoudré, Nathalie de ; Prinn, Ronald ; Reynolds, James F. ; Salas, José D.

In: Climatic Change, 2004, vol. 65, p. 11

The Earth's climate system is highly nonlinear: inputs and outputs are not proportional, change is often episodic and abrupt, rather than slow and gradual, and multiple equilibria are the norm. While this is widely accepted, there is a relatively poor understanding of the different types of nonlinearities, how they manifest under various conditions, and whether they reflect a climate system...