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Which taxa are alien? Criteria, applications, and uncertainties

Essl, Franz ; Bacher, Sven ; Genovesi, Piero ; Hulme, Philip E. ; Jeschke, Jonathan M. ; Katsanevakis, Stelios ; Kowarik, Ingo ; Kühn, Ingolf ; Pyšek, Petr ; Rabitsch, Wolfgang ; Schindler, Stefan ; Kleunen, Mark van ; Vilà, Montserrat ; Wilson, John R. U. ; Richardson, David M.

In: BioScience, 2018, vol. 68, no. 7, p. 496–509

Human activities such as the transport of species to new regions and modifications of the environment are increasingly reshaping the distribution of biota. Accordingly, developing robust, repeatable, and consistent definitions of alien species that serve scientific and policy purposes has become of prime importance. We provide a set of classification criteria that are widely applicable across...