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Age of second-language acquisition: Critical periods and social concerns

Birdsong, David ; Vanhove, Jan

In: Bilingualism across the lifespan: Factors moderating language proficiency, 2016, p. 163-182

A classic topic in research on bilingualism across the lifespan is the relationship between the age at which learners start to acquire a second language (L2) and their ultimate level of proficiency in that language. Learning of an L2 that begins in infancy is typically associated with fluent speech, effortless language processing, and native accent. In contrast, late L2 learners tend to diverge...