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Atomic and molecular defects in solid ⁴He

Moroshkin, Peter ; Hofer, Adrian ; Weis, Antoine

In: Physics Reports, 2008, vol. 469, no. 1, p. 1-57

The studies of defects formed by impurity particles (atoms, molecules, exciplexes, clusters, free electrons, and positive ions) embedded in liquid and solid ⁴He are reviewed. The properties of free electrons and neutral particles in condensed helium are described by the electron (atomic) bubble model, whereas for the positive ions a snowball structure is considered. We compare the properties of...