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Chameleon Effects in Homework Research : The Homework-Achievement Association Depends on the Measures Used and the Level of Analysis Chosen

Trautwein, Ulrich ; Schnyder, Inge ; Niggli, Alois ; Neumann, Marko ; Lüdtke, Oliver Max Planck Institute for Human Development, Berlin

In: Contemporary Educational Psychology, 2009, vol. 34, no. 1, p. 77-88

Using a data set specifically tailored to homework research, with a sample of 1,275 students from 70 classes in Switzerland, the association between homework and achievement in French as a second language was tested at three levels (class level, between-student level, within-student level). The strength and direction of the homework-achievement association depended on the homework indicator...