Fulltext

Tuberculosis in Pediatric Antiretroviral Therapy Programs in Low- and Middle-Income Countries: Diagnosis and Screening Practices

Ballif, Marie ; Renner, Lorna ; Claude Dusingize, Jean ; Leroy, Valeriane ; Ayaya, Samuel ; Wools-Kaloustian, Kara ; Cortes, Claudia P. ; McGowan, Catherine C. ; Graber, Claire ; Mandalakas, Anna M. ; Mofenson, Lynne M. ; Egger, Matthias ; Kumara Wati, Ketut Dewi ; Nallusamy, Revathy ; Reubenson, Gary ; Davies, Mary-Ann ; Fenner, Lukas ; Ajayi, Samuel ; Anastos, Kathryn ; Ballif, Marie ; Bashi, Jules ; Bishai, William ; Boulle, Andrew ; Braitstein, Paula ; Carriquiry, Gabriela ; Carter, Jane E. ; Cegielski, Peter ; Chimbetete, Cleophas ; Conrad, Joseph ; Cortes, Claudia ; Davies, Mary-Ann ; Diero, Lameck ; Duda, Stephany ; Durier, Nicolas ; Dusingize, Jean Claude ; Egger, Matthias ; Eboua, Tanoh F. ; Fenner, Lukas ; Gasser, Adrian ; Geng, Elvin ; Gnokori, Joachim Charles ; Hardwicke, Laura ; Hoffmann, Chris ; Huebner, Robin ; Kancheya, Nzali ; Kiertiburanakul, Sasisopin ; Kim, Peter ; Lameck, Diero ; Leroy, Valériane ; Lewden, Charlotte ; Lindegren, Mary Lou ; Mandalakas, Anna ; Maskew, Mhairi ; McKaig, Rosemary ; Mofenson, Lynne ; Mpoudi-Etame, Mireille ; Okwara, Benson ; Phiri, Sam ; Prasitsuebsai, Wasana ; Petit, April ; Prozesky, Hans ; Reid, Stewart E. ; Renner, Lorna ; Reubenson, Gary ; Sohn, Annette ; Sterling, Timothy ; Vo, Quynh ; Walker, Dana ; Wehbe, Firas ; Wejse, Christian ; Wester, William ; Williams, Carlie ; Wood, Robin ; Wools-Kaloustian, Kara ; Yao, Zhang ; Yunihastuti, Evy ; Abrams, Elaine ; Ananworanich, Jintanat ; Azondekon, Alain ; Frieda Behets, Melanie Bacon ; Cahn, Pedro ; Cesar, Carina ; Ciaranello, Andrea ; Dabis, François ; Edmonds, Andrew ; Feinstein, Lydia ; Graber, Claire ; Hazra, Rohan ; Hoover, Don ; Keiser, Olivia ; Leroy, Valeriane ; Magneres, Maria Cecilia ; McGowan, Catherine ; Messerschmidt, Liesl ; Biribonwoha, Harriet Nuwagaba ; Sharp, Gerald ; Vreeman, Rachel ; Worrell, Carol ; Yiannoutsos, Constantine ; Zwickl, Beth ; Ajayi, Samuel ; Anastos, Kathryn ; Ballif, Marie ; Bashi, Jules ; Bishai, William ; Boulle, Andrew ; Braitstein, Paula ; Carriquiry, Gabriela ; Carter, Jane E. ; Cegielski, Peter ; Chimbetete, Cleophas ; Conrad, Joseph ; Cortes, Claudia ; Davies, Mary-Ann ; Diero, Lameck ; Duda, Stephany ; Durier, Nicolas ; Dusingize, Jean Claude ; Egger, Matthias ; Eboua, Tanoh F. ; Fenner, Lukas ; Gasser, Adrian ; Geng, Elvin ; Gnokori, Joachim Charles ; Hardwicke, Laura ; Hoffmann, Chris ; Huebner, Robin ; Kancheya, Nzali ; Kiertiburanakul, Sasisopin ; Kim, Peter ; Lameck, Diero ; Leroy, Valériane ; Lewden, Charlotte ; Lindegren, Mary Lou ; Mandalakas, Anna ; Maskew, Mhairi ; McKaig, Rosemary ; Mofenson, Lynne ; Mpoudi-Etame, Mireille ; Okwara, Benson ; Phiri, Sam ; Prasitsuebsai, Wasana ; Petit, April ; Prozesky, Hans ; Reid, Stewart E. ; Renner, Lorna ; Reubenson, Gary ; Sohn, Annette ; Sterling, Timothy ; Vo, Quynh ; Walker, Dana ; Wehbe, Firas ; Wejse, Christian ; Wester, William ; Williams, Carlie ; Wood, Robin ; Wools-Kaloustian, Kara ; Yao, Zhang ; Yunihastuti, Evy ; Abrams, Elaine ; Ananworanich, Jintanat ; Azondekon, Alain ; Frieda Behets, Melanie Bacon ; Cahn, Pedro ; Cesar, Carina ; Ciaranello, Andrea ; Dabis, François ; Edmonds, Andrew ; Feinstein, Lydia ; Graber, Claire ; Hazra, Rohan ; Hoover, Don ; Keiser, Olivia ; Leroy, Valeriane ; Magneres, Maria Cecilia ; McGowan, Catherine ; Messerschmidt, Liesl ; Biribonwoha, Harriet Nuwagaba ; Sharp, Gerald ; Vreeman, Rachel ; Worrell, Carol ; Yiannoutsos, Constantine ; Zwickl, Beth

In: Journal of the Pediatric Infectious Diseases Society, 2015, vol. 4, no. 1, p. 30-38

Ajouter à la liste personnelle
    Titre
    • Tuberculosis in Pediatric Antiretroviral Therapy Programs in Low- and Middle-Income Countries: Diagnosis and Screening Practices
    Auteur
    • Ballif, Marie. Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine (ISPM), University of Bern, Switzerland
    • Renner, Lorna. University of Ghana Medical School, Korle Bu, Accra
    • Claude Dusingize, Jean. Women's Equity in Access to Care & Treatment, Kigali, Rwanda
    • Leroy, Valeriane. Inserm, U897, Epidémiologie-Biostatistiques ISPED, University of Bordeaux, France
    • Ayaya, Samuel. Department of Child Health and Pediatrics, Moi University School of Medicine, Kenya
    • Wools-Kaloustian, Kara. Indiana University School of Medicine
    • Cortes, Claudia P.. University of Chile School of Medicine, Santiago
    • McGowan, Catherine C.. Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee
    • Graber, Claire. Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine (ISPM), University of Bern, Switzerland
    • Mandalakas, Anna M.. Tuberculosis Initiative, Texas Children's Hospital, and Baylor College of Medicine, Houston
    • Mofenson, Lynne M.. Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
    • Egger, Matthias. Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine (ISPM), University of Bern, Switzerland
    • Kumara Wati, Ketut Dewi. Sanglah Hospital, Udayana University, Bali, Indonesia
    • Nallusamy, Revathy. Penang Hospital, Malaysia
    • Reubenson, Gary. Rahima Moosa Mother and Child Hospital, Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
    • Davies, Mary-Ann. Centre for Infectious Disease Epidemiology and Research, School of Public Health and Family Medicine, University of Cape Town, South Africa
    • Fenner, Lukas. Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine (ISPM), University of Bern, Switzerland
    • Ajayi, Samuel
    • Anastos, Kathryn
    • Ballif, Marie
    • Bashi, Jules
    • Bishai, William
    • Boulle, Andrew
    • Braitstein, Paula
    • Carriquiry, Gabriela
    • Carter, Jane E.
    • Cegielski, Peter
    • Chimbetete, Cleophas
    • Conrad, Joseph
    • Cortes, Claudia
    • Davies, Mary-Ann
    • Diero, Lameck
    • Duda, Stephany
    • Durier, Nicolas
    • Dusingize, Jean Claude
    • Egger, Matthias
    • Eboua, Tanoh F.
    • Fenner, Lukas
    • Gasser, Adrian
    • Geng, Elvin
    • Gnokori, Joachim Charles
    • Hardwicke, Laura
    • Hoffmann, Chris
    • Huebner, Robin
    • Kancheya, Nzali
    • Kiertiburanakul, Sasisopin
    • Kim, Peter
    • Lameck, Diero
    • Leroy, Valériane
    • Lewden, Charlotte
    • Lindegren, Mary Lou
    • Mandalakas, Anna
    • Maskew, Mhairi
    • McKaig, Rosemary
    • Mofenson, Lynne
    • Mpoudi-Etame, Mireille
    • Okwara, Benson
    • Phiri, Sam
    • Prasitsuebsai, Wasana
    • Petit, April
    • Prozesky, Hans
    • Reid, Stewart E.
    • Renner, Lorna
    • Reubenson, Gary
    • Sohn, Annette
    • Sterling, Timothy
    • Vo, Quynh
    • Walker, Dana
    • Wehbe, Firas
    • Wejse, Christian
    • Wester, William
    • Williams, Carlie
    • Wood, Robin
    • Wools-Kaloustian, Kara
    • Yao, Zhang
    • Yunihastuti, Evy
    • Abrams, Elaine
    • Ananworanich, Jintanat
    • Azondekon, Alain
    • Frieda Behets, Melanie Bacon
    • Cahn, Pedro
    • Cesar, Carina
    • Ciaranello, Andrea
    • Dabis, François
    • Edmonds, Andrew
    • Feinstein, Lydia
    • Graber, Claire
    • Hazra, Rohan
    • Hoover, Don
    • Keiser, Olivia
    • Leroy, Valeriane
    • Magneres, Maria Cecilia
    • McGowan, Catherine
    • Messerschmidt, Liesl
    • Biribonwoha, Harriet Nuwagaba
    • Sharp, Gerald
    • Vreeman, Rachel
    • Worrell, Carol
    • Yiannoutsos, Constantine
    • Zwickl, Beth
    • Ajayi, Samuel. Corresponding Author: Lukas Fenner, MD, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland. E-mail
    • Anastos, Kathryn. Corresponding Author: Lukas Fenner, MD, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland. E-mail
    • Ballif, Marie. Corresponding Author: Lukas Fenner, MD, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland. E-mail
    • Bashi, Jules. Corresponding Author: Lukas Fenner, MD, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland. E-mail
    • Bishai, William. Corresponding Author: Lukas Fenner, MD, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland. E-mail
    • Boulle, Andrew. Corresponding Author: Lukas Fenner, MD, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland. E-mail
    • Braitstein, Paula. Corresponding Author: Lukas Fenner, MD, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland. E-mail
    • Carriquiry, Gabriela. Corresponding Author: Lukas Fenner, MD, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland. E-mail
    • Carter, Jane E.. Corresponding Author: Lukas Fenner, MD, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland. E-mail
    • Cegielski, Peter. Corresponding Author: Lukas Fenner, MD, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland. E-mail
    • Chimbetete, Cleophas. Corresponding Author: Lukas Fenner, MD, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland. E-mail
    • Conrad, Joseph. Corresponding Author: Lukas Fenner, MD, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland. E-mail
    • Cortes, Claudia. Corresponding Author: Lukas Fenner, MD, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland. E-mail
    • Davies, Mary-Ann. Corresponding Author: Lukas Fenner, MD, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland. E-mail
    • Diero, Lameck. Corresponding Author: Lukas Fenner, MD, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland. E-mail
    • Duda, Stephany. Corresponding Author: Lukas Fenner, MD, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland. E-mail
    • Durier, Nicolas. Corresponding Author: Lukas Fenner, MD, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland. E-mail
    • Dusingize, Jean Claude. Corresponding Author: Lukas Fenner, MD, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland. E-mail
    • Egger, Matthias. Corresponding Author: Lukas Fenner, MD, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland. E-mail
    • Eboua, Tanoh F.. Corresponding Author: Lukas Fenner, MD, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland. E-mail
    • Fenner, Lukas. Corresponding Author: Lukas Fenner, MD, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland. E-mail
    • Gasser, Adrian. Corresponding Author: Lukas Fenner, MD, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland. E-mail
    • Geng, Elvin. Corresponding Author: Lukas Fenner, MD, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland. E-mail
    • Gnokori, Joachim Charles. Corresponding Author: Lukas Fenner, MD, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland. E-mail
    • Hardwicke, Laura. Corresponding Author: Lukas Fenner, MD, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland. E-mail
    • Hoffmann, Chris. Corresponding Author: Lukas Fenner, MD, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland. E-mail
    • Huebner, Robin. Corresponding Author: Lukas Fenner, MD, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland. E-mail
    • Kancheya, Nzali. Corresponding Author: Lukas Fenner, MD, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland. E-mail
    • Kiertiburanakul, Sasisopin. Corresponding Author: Lukas Fenner, MD, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland. E-mail
    • Kim, Peter. Corresponding Author: Lukas Fenner, MD, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland. E-mail
    • Lameck, Diero. Corresponding Author: Lukas Fenner, MD, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland. E-mail
    • Leroy, Valériane. Corresponding Author: Lukas Fenner, MD, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland. E-mail
    • Lewden, Charlotte. Corresponding Author: Lukas Fenner, MD, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland. E-mail
    • Lindegren, Mary Lou. Corresponding Author: Lukas Fenner, MD, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland. E-mail
    • Mandalakas, Anna. Corresponding Author: Lukas Fenner, MD, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland. E-mail
    • Maskew, Mhairi. Corresponding Author: Lukas Fenner, MD, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland. E-mail
    • McKaig, Rosemary. Corresponding Author: Lukas Fenner, MD, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland. E-mail
    • Mofenson, Lynne. Corresponding Author: Lukas Fenner, MD, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland. E-mail
    • Mpoudi-Etame, Mireille. Corresponding Author: Lukas Fenner, MD, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland. E-mail
    • Okwara, Benson. Corresponding Author: Lukas Fenner, MD, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland. E-mail
    • Phiri, Sam. Corresponding Author: Lukas Fenner, MD, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland. E-mail
    • Prasitsuebsai, Wasana. Corresponding Author: Lukas Fenner, MD, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland. E-mail
    • Petit, April. Corresponding Author: Lukas Fenner, MD, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland. E-mail
    • Prozesky, Hans. Corresponding Author: Lukas Fenner, MD, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland. E-mail
    • Reid, Stewart E.. Corresponding Author: Lukas Fenner, MD, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland. E-mail
    • Renner, Lorna. Corresponding Author: Lukas Fenner, MD, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland. E-mail
    • Reubenson, Gary. Corresponding Author: Lukas Fenner, MD, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland. E-mail
    • Sohn, Annette. Corresponding Author: Lukas Fenner, MD, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland. E-mail
    • Sterling, Timothy. Corresponding Author: Lukas Fenner, MD, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland. E-mail
    • Vo, Quynh. Corresponding Author: Lukas Fenner, MD, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland. E-mail
    • Walker, Dana. Corresponding Author: Lukas Fenner, MD, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland. E-mail
    • Wehbe, Firas. Corresponding Author: Lukas Fenner, MD, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland. E-mail
    • Wejse, Christian. Corresponding Author: Lukas Fenner, MD, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland. E-mail
    • Wester, William. Corresponding Author: Lukas Fenner, MD, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland. E-mail
    • Williams, Carlie. Corresponding Author: Lukas Fenner, MD, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland. E-mail
    • Wood, Robin. Corresponding Author: Lukas Fenner, MD, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland. E-mail
    • Wools-Kaloustian, Kara. Corresponding Author: Lukas Fenner, MD, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland. E-mail
    • Yao, Zhang. Corresponding Author: Lukas Fenner, MD, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland. E-mail
    • Yunihastuti, Evy. Corresponding Author: Lukas Fenner, MD, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland. E-mail
    • Abrams, Elaine. Corresponding Author: Lukas Fenner, MD, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland. E-mail
    • Ananworanich, Jintanat. Corresponding Author: Lukas Fenner, MD, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland. E-mail
    • Azondekon, Alain. Corresponding Author: Lukas Fenner, MD, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland. E-mail
    • Frieda Behets, Melanie Bacon. Corresponding Author: Lukas Fenner, MD, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland. E-mail
    • Cahn, Pedro. Corresponding Author: Lukas Fenner, MD, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland. E-mail
    • Cesar, Carina. Corresponding Author: Lukas Fenner, MD, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland. E-mail
    • Ciaranello, Andrea. Corresponding Author: Lukas Fenner, MD, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland. E-mail
    • Dabis, François. Corresponding Author: Lukas Fenner, MD, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland. E-mail
    • Edmonds, Andrew. Corresponding Author: Lukas Fenner, MD, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland. E-mail
    • Feinstein, Lydia. Corresponding Author: Lukas Fenner, MD, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland. E-mail
    • Graber, Claire. Corresponding Author: Lukas Fenner, MD, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland. E-mail
    • Hazra, Rohan. Corresponding Author: Lukas Fenner, MD, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland. E-mail
    • Hoover, Don. Corresponding Author: Lukas Fenner, MD, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland. E-mail
    • Keiser, Olivia. Corresponding Author: Lukas Fenner, MD, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland. E-mail
    • Leroy, Valeriane. Corresponding Author: Lukas Fenner, MD, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland. E-mail
    • Magneres, Maria Cecilia. Corresponding Author: Lukas Fenner, MD, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland. E-mail
    • McGowan, Catherine. Corresponding Author: Lukas Fenner, MD, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland. E-mail
    • Messerschmidt, Liesl. Corresponding Author: Lukas Fenner, MD, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland. E-mail
    • Biribonwoha, Harriet Nuwagaba. Corresponding Author: Lukas Fenner, MD, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland. E-mail
    • Sharp, Gerald. Corresponding Author: Lukas Fenner, MD, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland. E-mail
    • Vreeman, Rachel. Corresponding Author: Lukas Fenner, MD, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland. E-mail
    • Worrell, Carol. Corresponding Author: Lukas Fenner, MD, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland. E-mail
    • Yiannoutsos, Constantine. Corresponding Author: Lukas Fenner, MD, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland. E-mail
    • Zwickl, Beth. Corresponding Author: Lukas Fenner, MD, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland. E-mail
    Type de document
    • Postprint
    Langue
    • Anglais
    Publié dans
    • Journal of the Pediatric Infectious Diseases Society, 2015, vol. 4, no. 1, p. 30-38. Oxford University Press
    Autre version électronique
    Identifiant OAI-PMH
    • oai:doc.rero.ch:297970
    Summary
    Background The global burden of childhood tuberculosis (TB) is estimated to be 0.5 million new cases per year. Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected children are at high risk for TB. Diagnosis of TB in HIV-infected children remains a major challenge. Methods We describe TB diagnosis and screening practices of pediatric antiretroviral treatment (ART) programs in Africa, Asia, the Caribbean, and Central and South America. We used web-based questionnaires to collect data on ART programs and patients seen from March to July 2012. Forty-three ART programs treating children in 23 countries participated in the study. Results Sputum microscopy and chest Radiograph were available at all programs, mycobacterial culture in 40 (93%) sites, gastric aspiration in 27 (63%), induced sputum in 23 (54%), and Xpert MTB/RIF in 16 (37%) sites. Screening practices to exclude active TB before starting ART included contact history in 41 sites (84%), symptom screening in 38 (88%), and chest Radiograph in 34 sites (79%). The use of diagnostic tools was examined among 146 children diagnosed with TB during the study period. Chest Radiograph was used in 125 (86%) children, sputum microscopy in 76 (52%), induced sputum microscopy in 38 (26%), gastric aspirate microscopy in 35 (24%), culture in 25 (17%), and Xpert MTB/RIF in 11 (8%) children. Conclusions Induced sputum and Xpert MTB/RIF were infrequently available to diagnose childhood TB, and screening was largely based on symptom identification. There is an urgent need to improve the capacity of ART programs in low- and middle-income countries to exclude and diagnose TB in HIV-infected children