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CD4+ T cell recovery during suppression of HIV replication: an international comparison of the immunological efficacy of antiretroviral therapy in North America, Asia and Africa

Geng, Elvin H. ; Neilands, Torsten B. ; Thièbaut, Rodolphe ; Bosco Bwana, Mwebesa ; Nash, Denis ; Moore, Richard D. ; Wood, Robin ; Marcel Zannou, Djimon ; Althoff, Keri N. ; Lian Lim, Poh ; Nachega, Jean B. ; Easterbrook, Philippa J. ; Kambugu, Andrew ; Little, Francesca ; Nakigozi, Gertrude ; Nakanjako, Damalie ; Kiggundu, Valerian ; Chung Ki Li, Patrick ; Bangsberg, David R. ; Fox, Matthew P. ; Prozesky, Hans W. ; Hunt, Peter W. ; Davies, Mary-Ann ; Reynolds, Steven J. ; Egger, Matthias ; Yiannoutsos, Constantin T. ; Vittinghoff, Eric V. ; Deeks, Steven G. ; Martin, Jeffrey N.

In: International Journal of Epidemiology, 2015, vol. 44, no. 1, p. 251-263

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    Titre
    • CD4+ T cell recovery during suppression of HIV replication: an international comparison of the immunological efficacy of antiretroviral therapy in North America, Asia and Africa
    Auteur
    • Geng, Elvin H.. University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA, INSERM U897, Bordeaux University, Bordeaux, France, Mbarara University of Science and Technology, Mbarara, Uganda, City University of New York, New York, NY, USA,Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa, Centre National Hospitalier Universitaire, Cotonou, Benin, Institute of Infectious Disease, Tan Tock Seng Hospital, Singapore, Singapore, Department of Epidemiology, Infectious Diseases Program, Pittsburgh University, Graduate School of Public Health, Pittsburg, PA, USA, Departments of Epidemiology and International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA, Department of Medicine & Center for Infectious Diseases, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa, Infectious Diseases Institute, Kampala, Uganda, Rakai Health Sciences Program, Kalisizo, Uganda, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Hong Kong, China, Center for Global Health, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA, Center for Global Health and Development, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA, Health Economics and Epidemiology Research Office, Department of Internal Medicine, School of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa, Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Stellenbosch and Tygerberg Academic Hospital, Cape Town, South Africa, National Institutes of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Washington DC, USA, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland and Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN, USA
    • Neilands, Torsten B.. University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA, INSERM U897, Bordeaux University, Bordeaux, France, Mbarara University of Science and Technology, Mbarara, Uganda, City University of New York, New York, NY, USA,Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa, Centre National Hospitalier Universitaire, Cotonou, Benin, Institute of Infectious Disease, Tan Tock Seng Hospital, Singapore, Singapore, Department of Epidemiology, Infectious Diseases Program, Pittsburgh University, Graduate School of Public Health, Pittsburg, PA, USA, Departments of Epidemiology and International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA, Department of Medicine & Center for Infectious Diseases, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa, Infectious Diseases Institute, Kampala, Uganda, Rakai Health Sciences Program, Kalisizo, Uganda, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Hong Kong, China, Center for Global Health, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA, Center for Global Health and Development, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA, Health Economics and Epidemiology Research Office, Department of Internal Medicine, School of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa, Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Stellenbosch and Tygerberg Academic Hospital, Cape Town, South Africa, National Institutes of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Washington DC, USA, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland and Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN, USA
    • Thièbaut, Rodolphe. University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA, INSERM U897, Bordeaux University, Bordeaux, France, Mbarara University of Science and Technology, Mbarara, Uganda, City University of New York, New York, NY, USA,Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa, Centre National Hospitalier Universitaire, Cotonou, Benin, Institute of Infectious Disease, Tan Tock Seng Hospital, Singapore, Singapore, Department of Epidemiology, Infectious Diseases Program, Pittsburgh University, Graduate School of Public Health, Pittsburg, PA, USA, Departments of Epidemiology and International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA, Department of Medicine & Center for Infectious Diseases, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa, Infectious Diseases Institute, Kampala, Uganda, Rakai Health Sciences Program, Kalisizo, Uganda, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Hong Kong, China, Center for Global Health, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA, Center for Global Health and Development, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA, Health Economics and Epidemiology Research Office, Department of Internal Medicine, School of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa, Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Stellenbosch and Tygerberg Academic Hospital, Cape Town, South Africa, National Institutes of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Washington DC, USA, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland and Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN, USA
    • Bosco Bwana, Mwebesa. University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA, INSERM U897, Bordeaux University, Bordeaux, France, Mbarara University of Science and Technology, Mbarara, Uganda, City University of New York, New York, NY, USA,Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa, Centre National Hospitalier Universitaire, Cotonou, Benin, Institute of Infectious Disease, Tan Tock Seng Hospital, Singapore, Singapore, Department of Epidemiology, Infectious Diseases Program, Pittsburgh University, Graduate School of Public Health, Pittsburg, PA, USA, Departments of Epidemiology and International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA, Department of Medicine & Center for Infectious Diseases, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa, Infectious Diseases Institute, Kampala, Uganda, Rakai Health Sciences Program, Kalisizo, Uganda, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Hong Kong, China, Center for Global Health, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA, Center for Global Health and Development, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA, Health Economics and Epidemiology Research Office, Department of Internal Medicine, School of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa, Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Stellenbosch and Tygerberg Academic Hospital, Cape Town, South Africa, National Institutes of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Washington DC, USA, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland and Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN, USA
    • Nash, Denis. University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA, INSERM U897, Bordeaux University, Bordeaux, France, Mbarara University of Science and Technology, Mbarara, Uganda, City University of New York, New York, NY, USA,Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa, Centre National Hospitalier Universitaire, Cotonou, Benin, Institute of Infectious Disease, Tan Tock Seng Hospital, Singapore, Singapore, Department of Epidemiology, Infectious Diseases Program, Pittsburgh University, Graduate School of Public Health, Pittsburg, PA, USA, Departments of Epidemiology and International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA, Department of Medicine & Center for Infectious Diseases, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa, Infectious Diseases Institute, Kampala, Uganda, Rakai Health Sciences Program, Kalisizo, Uganda, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Hong Kong, China, Center for Global Health, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA, Center for Global Health and Development, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA, Health Economics and Epidemiology Research Office, Department of Internal Medicine, School of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa, Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Stellenbosch and Tygerberg Academic Hospital, Cape Town, South Africa, National Institutes of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Washington DC, USA, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland and Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN, USA
    • Moore, Richard D.. University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA, INSERM U897, Bordeaux University, Bordeaux, France, Mbarara University of Science and Technology, Mbarara, Uganda, City University of New York, New York, NY, USA,Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa, Centre National Hospitalier Universitaire, Cotonou, Benin, Institute of Infectious Disease, Tan Tock Seng Hospital, Singapore, Singapore, Department of Epidemiology, Infectious Diseases Program, Pittsburgh University, Graduate School of Public Health, Pittsburg, PA, USA, Departments of Epidemiology and International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA, Department of Medicine & Center for Infectious Diseases, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa, Infectious Diseases Institute, Kampala, Uganda, Rakai Health Sciences Program, Kalisizo, Uganda, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Hong Kong, China, Center for Global Health, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA, Center for Global Health and Development, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA, Health Economics and Epidemiology Research Office, Department of Internal Medicine, School of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa, Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Stellenbosch and Tygerberg Academic Hospital, Cape Town, South Africa, National Institutes of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Washington DC, USA, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland and Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN, USA
    • Wood, Robin. University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA, INSERM U897, Bordeaux University, Bordeaux, France, Mbarara University of Science and Technology, Mbarara, Uganda, City University of New York, New York, NY, USA,Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa, Centre National Hospitalier Universitaire, Cotonou, Benin, Institute of Infectious Disease, Tan Tock Seng Hospital, Singapore, Singapore, Department of Epidemiology, Infectious Diseases Program, Pittsburgh University, Graduate School of Public Health, Pittsburg, PA, USA, Departments of Epidemiology and International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA, Department of Medicine & Center for Infectious Diseases, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa, Infectious Diseases Institute, Kampala, Uganda, Rakai Health Sciences Program, Kalisizo, Uganda, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Hong Kong, China, Center for Global Health, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA, Center for Global Health and Development, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA, Health Economics and Epidemiology Research Office, Department of Internal Medicine, School of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa, Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Stellenbosch and Tygerberg Academic Hospital, Cape Town, South Africa, National Institutes of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Washington DC, USA, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland and Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN, USA
    • Marcel Zannou, Djimon. University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA, INSERM U897, Bordeaux University, Bordeaux, France, Mbarara University of Science and Technology, Mbarara, Uganda, City University of New York, New York, NY, USA,Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa, Centre National Hospitalier Universitaire, Cotonou, Benin, Institute of Infectious Disease, Tan Tock Seng Hospital, Singapore, Singapore, Department of Epidemiology, Infectious Diseases Program, Pittsburgh University, Graduate School of Public Health, Pittsburg, PA, USA, Departments of Epidemiology and International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA, Department of Medicine & Center for Infectious Diseases, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa, Infectious Diseases Institute, Kampala, Uganda, Rakai Health Sciences Program, Kalisizo, Uganda, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Hong Kong, China, Center for Global Health, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA, Center for Global Health and Development, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA, Health Economics and Epidemiology Research Office, Department of Internal Medicine, School of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa, Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Stellenbosch and Tygerberg Academic Hospital, Cape Town, South Africa, National Institutes of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Washington DC, USA, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland and Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN, USA
    • Althoff, Keri N.. University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA, INSERM U897, Bordeaux University, Bordeaux, France, Mbarara University of Science and Technology, Mbarara, Uganda, City University of New York, New York, NY, USA,Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa, Centre National Hospitalier Universitaire, Cotonou, Benin, Institute of Infectious Disease, Tan Tock Seng Hospital, Singapore, Singapore, Department of Epidemiology, Infectious Diseases Program, Pittsburgh University, Graduate School of Public Health, Pittsburg, PA, USA, Departments of Epidemiology and International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA, Department of Medicine & Center for Infectious Diseases, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa, Infectious Diseases Institute, Kampala, Uganda, Rakai Health Sciences Program, Kalisizo, Uganda, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Hong Kong, China, Center for Global Health, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA, Center for Global Health and Development, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA, Health Economics and Epidemiology Research Office, Department of Internal Medicine, School of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa, Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Stellenbosch and Tygerberg Academic Hospital, Cape Town, South Africa, National Institutes of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Washington DC, USA, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland and Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN, USA
    • Lian Lim, Poh. University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA, INSERM U897, Bordeaux University, Bordeaux, France, Mbarara University of Science and Technology, Mbarara, Uganda, City University of New York, New York, NY, USA,Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa, Centre National Hospitalier Universitaire, Cotonou, Benin, Institute of Infectious Disease, Tan Tock Seng Hospital, Singapore, Singapore, Department of Epidemiology, Infectious Diseases Program, Pittsburgh University, Graduate School of Public Health, Pittsburg, PA, USA, Departments of Epidemiology and International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA, Department of Medicine & Center for Infectious Diseases, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa, Infectious Diseases Institute, Kampala, Uganda, Rakai Health Sciences Program, Kalisizo, Uganda, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Hong Kong, China, Center for Global Health, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA, Center for Global Health and Development, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA, Health Economics and Epidemiology Research Office, Department of Internal Medicine, School of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa, Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Stellenbosch and Tygerberg Academic Hospital, Cape Town, South Africa, National Institutes of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Washington DC, USA, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland and Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN, USA
    • Nachega, Jean B.. University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA, INSERM U897, Bordeaux University, Bordeaux, France, Mbarara University of Science and Technology, Mbarara, Uganda, City University of New York, New York, NY, USA,Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa, Centre National Hospitalier Universitaire, Cotonou, Benin, Institute of Infectious Disease, Tan Tock Seng Hospital, Singapore, Singapore, Department of Epidemiology, Infectious Diseases Program, Pittsburgh University, Graduate School of Public Health, Pittsburg, PA, USA, Departments of Epidemiology and International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA, Department of Medicine & Center for Infectious Diseases, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa, Infectious Diseases Institute, Kampala, Uganda, Rakai Health Sciences Program, Kalisizo, Uganda, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Hong Kong, China, Center for Global Health, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA, Center for Global Health and Development, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA, Health Economics and Epidemiology Research Office, Department of Internal Medicine, School of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa, Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Stellenbosch and Tygerberg Academic Hospital, Cape Town, South Africa, National Institutes of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Washington DC, USA, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland and Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN, USA
    • Easterbrook, Philippa J.. University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA, INSERM U897, Bordeaux University, Bordeaux, France, Mbarara University of Science and Technology, Mbarara, Uganda, City University of New York, New York, NY, USA,Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa, Centre National Hospitalier Universitaire, Cotonou, Benin, Institute of Infectious Disease, Tan Tock Seng Hospital, Singapore, Singapore, Department of Epidemiology, Infectious Diseases Program, Pittsburgh University, Graduate School of Public Health, Pittsburg, PA, USA, Departments of Epidemiology and International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA, Department of Medicine & Center for Infectious Diseases, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa, Infectious Diseases Institute, Kampala, Uganda, Rakai Health Sciences Program, Kalisizo, Uganda, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Hong Kong, China, Center for Global Health, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA, Center for Global Health and Development, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA, Health Economics and Epidemiology Research Office, Department of Internal Medicine, School of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa, Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Stellenbosch and Tygerberg Academic Hospital, Cape Town, South Africa, National Institutes of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Washington DC, USA, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland and Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN, USA
    • Kambugu, Andrew. University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA, INSERM U897, Bordeaux University, Bordeaux, France, Mbarara University of Science and Technology, Mbarara, Uganda, City University of New York, New York, NY, USA,Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa, Centre National Hospitalier Universitaire, Cotonou, Benin, Institute of Infectious Disease, Tan Tock Seng Hospital, Singapore, Singapore, Department of Epidemiology, Infectious Diseases Program, Pittsburgh University, Graduate School of Public Health, Pittsburg, PA, USA, Departments of Epidemiology and International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA, Department of Medicine & Center for Infectious Diseases, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa, Infectious Diseases Institute, Kampala, Uganda, Rakai Health Sciences Program, Kalisizo, Uganda, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Hong Kong, China, Center for Global Health, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA, Center for Global Health and Development, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA, Health Economics and Epidemiology Research Office, Department of Internal Medicine, School of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa, Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Stellenbosch and Tygerberg Academic Hospital, Cape Town, South Africa, National Institutes of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Washington DC, USA, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland and Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN, USA
    • Little, Francesca. University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA, INSERM U897, Bordeaux University, Bordeaux, France, Mbarara University of Science and Technology, Mbarara, Uganda, City University of New York, New York, NY, USA,Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa, Centre National Hospitalier Universitaire, Cotonou, Benin, Institute of Infectious Disease, Tan Tock Seng Hospital, Singapore, Singapore, Department of Epidemiology, Infectious Diseases Program, Pittsburgh University, Graduate School of Public Health, Pittsburg, PA, USA, Departments of Epidemiology and International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA, Department of Medicine & Center for Infectious Diseases, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa, Infectious Diseases Institute, Kampala, Uganda, Rakai Health Sciences Program, Kalisizo, Uganda, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Hong Kong, China, Center for Global Health, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA, Center for Global Health and Development, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA, Health Economics and Epidemiology Research Office, Department of Internal Medicine, School of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa, Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Stellenbosch and Tygerberg Academic Hospital, Cape Town, South Africa, National Institutes of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Washington DC, USA, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland and Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN, USA
    • Nakigozi, Gertrude. University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA, INSERM U897, Bordeaux University, Bordeaux, France, Mbarara University of Science and Technology, Mbarara, Uganda, City University of New York, New York, NY, USA,Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa, Centre National Hospitalier Universitaire, Cotonou, Benin, Institute of Infectious Disease, Tan Tock Seng Hospital, Singapore, Singapore, Department of Epidemiology, Infectious Diseases Program, Pittsburgh University, Graduate School of Public Health, Pittsburg, PA, USA, Departments of Epidemiology and International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA, Department of Medicine & Center for Infectious Diseases, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa, Infectious Diseases Institute, Kampala, Uganda, Rakai Health Sciences Program, Kalisizo, Uganda, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Hong Kong, China, Center for Global Health, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA, Center for Global Health and Development, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA, Health Economics and Epidemiology Research Office, Department of Internal Medicine, School of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa, Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Stellenbosch and Tygerberg Academic Hospital, Cape Town, South Africa, National Institutes of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Washington DC, USA, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland and Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN, USA
    • Nakanjako, Damalie. University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA, INSERM U897, Bordeaux University, Bordeaux, France, Mbarara University of Science and Technology, Mbarara, Uganda, City University of New York, New York, NY, USA,Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa, Centre National Hospitalier Universitaire, Cotonou, Benin, Institute of Infectious Disease, Tan Tock Seng Hospital, Singapore, Singapore, Department of Epidemiology, Infectious Diseases Program, Pittsburgh University, Graduate School of Public Health, Pittsburg, PA, USA, Departments of Epidemiology and International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA, Department of Medicine & Center for Infectious Diseases, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa, Infectious Diseases Institute, Kampala, Uganda, Rakai Health Sciences Program, Kalisizo, Uganda, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Hong Kong, China, Center for Global Health, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA, Center for Global Health and Development, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA, Health Economics and Epidemiology Research Office, Department of Internal Medicine, School of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa, Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Stellenbosch and Tygerberg Academic Hospital, Cape Town, South Africa, National Institutes of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Washington DC, USA, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland and Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN, USA
    • Kiggundu, Valerian. University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA, INSERM U897, Bordeaux University, Bordeaux, France, Mbarara University of Science and Technology, Mbarara, Uganda, City University of New York, New York, NY, USA,Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa, Centre National Hospitalier Universitaire, Cotonou, Benin, Institute of Infectious Disease, Tan Tock Seng Hospital, Singapore, Singapore, Department of Epidemiology, Infectious Diseases Program, Pittsburgh University, Graduate School of Public Health, Pittsburg, PA, USA, Departments of Epidemiology and International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA, Department of Medicine & Center for Infectious Diseases, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa, Infectious Diseases Institute, Kampala, Uganda, Rakai Health Sciences Program, Kalisizo, Uganda, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Hong Kong, China, Center for Global Health, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA, Center for Global Health and Development, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA, Health Economics and Epidemiology Research Office, Department of Internal Medicine, School of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa, Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Stellenbosch and Tygerberg Academic Hospital, Cape Town, South Africa, National Institutes of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Washington DC, USA, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland and Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN, USA
    • Chung Ki Li, Patrick. University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA, INSERM U897, Bordeaux University, Bordeaux, France, Mbarara University of Science and Technology, Mbarara, Uganda, City University of New York, New York, NY, USA,Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa, Centre National Hospitalier Universitaire, Cotonou, Benin, Institute of Infectious Disease, Tan Tock Seng Hospital, Singapore, Singapore, Department of Epidemiology, Infectious Diseases Program, Pittsburgh University, Graduate School of Public Health, Pittsburg, PA, USA, Departments of Epidemiology and International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA, Department of Medicine & Center for Infectious Diseases, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa, Infectious Diseases Institute, Kampala, Uganda, Rakai Health Sciences Program, Kalisizo, Uganda, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Hong Kong, China, Center for Global Health, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA, Center for Global Health and Development, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA, Health Economics and Epidemiology Research Office, Department of Internal Medicine, School of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa, Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Stellenbosch and Tygerberg Academic Hospital, Cape Town, South Africa, National Institutes of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Washington DC, USA, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland and Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN, USA
    • Bangsberg, David R.. University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA, INSERM U897, Bordeaux University, Bordeaux, France, Mbarara University of Science and Technology, Mbarara, Uganda, City University of New York, New York, NY, USA,Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa, Centre National Hospitalier Universitaire, Cotonou, Benin, Institute of Infectious Disease, Tan Tock Seng Hospital, Singapore, Singapore, Department of Epidemiology, Infectious Diseases Program, Pittsburgh University, Graduate School of Public Health, Pittsburg, PA, USA, Departments of Epidemiology and International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA, Department of Medicine & Center for Infectious Diseases, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa, Infectious Diseases Institute, Kampala, Uganda, Rakai Health Sciences Program, Kalisizo, Uganda, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Hong Kong, China, Center for Global Health, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA, Center for Global Health and Development, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA, Health Economics and Epidemiology Research Office, Department of Internal Medicine, School of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa, Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Stellenbosch and Tygerberg Academic Hospital, Cape Town, South Africa, National Institutes of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Washington DC, USA, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland and Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN, USA
    • Fox, Matthew P.. University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA, INSERM U897, Bordeaux University, Bordeaux, France, Mbarara University of Science and Technology, Mbarara, Uganda, City University of New York, New York, NY, USA,Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa, Centre National Hospitalier Universitaire, Cotonou, Benin, Institute of Infectious Disease, Tan Tock Seng Hospital, Singapore, Singapore, Department of Epidemiology, Infectious Diseases Program, Pittsburgh University, Graduate School of Public Health, Pittsburg, PA, USA, Departments of Epidemiology and International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA, Department of Medicine & Center for Infectious Diseases, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa, Infectious Diseases Institute, Kampala, Uganda, Rakai Health Sciences Program, Kalisizo, Uganda, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Hong Kong, China, Center for Global Health, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA, Center for Global Health and Development, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA, Health Economics and Epidemiology Research Office, Department of Internal Medicine, School of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa, Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Stellenbosch and Tygerberg Academic Hospital, Cape Town, South Africa, National Institutes of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Washington DC, USA, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland and Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN, USA
    • Prozesky, Hans W.. University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA, INSERM U897, Bordeaux University, Bordeaux, France, Mbarara University of Science and Technology, Mbarara, Uganda, City University of New York, New York, NY, USA,Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa, Centre National Hospitalier Universitaire, Cotonou, Benin, Institute of Infectious Disease, Tan Tock Seng Hospital, Singapore, Singapore, Department of Epidemiology, Infectious Diseases Program, Pittsburgh University, Graduate School of Public Health, Pittsburg, PA, USA, Departments of Epidemiology and International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA, Department of Medicine & Center for Infectious Diseases, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa, Infectious Diseases Institute, Kampala, Uganda, Rakai Health Sciences Program, Kalisizo, Uganda, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Hong Kong, China, Center for Global Health, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA, Center for Global Health and Development, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA, Health Economics and Epidemiology Research Office, Department of Internal Medicine, School of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa, Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Stellenbosch and Tygerberg Academic Hospital, Cape Town, South Africa, National Institutes of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Washington DC, USA, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland and Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN, USA
    • Hunt, Peter W.. University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA, INSERM U897, Bordeaux University, Bordeaux, France, Mbarara University of Science and Technology, Mbarara, Uganda, City University of New York, New York, NY, USA,Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa, Centre National Hospitalier Universitaire, Cotonou, Benin, Institute of Infectious Disease, Tan Tock Seng Hospital, Singapore, Singapore, Department of Epidemiology, Infectious Diseases Program, Pittsburgh University, Graduate School of Public Health, Pittsburg, PA, USA, Departments of Epidemiology and International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA, Department of Medicine & Center for Infectious Diseases, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa, Infectious Diseases Institute, Kampala, Uganda, Rakai Health Sciences Program, Kalisizo, Uganda, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Hong Kong, China, Center for Global Health, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA, Center for Global Health and Development, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA, Health Economics and Epidemiology Research Office, Department of Internal Medicine, School of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa, Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Stellenbosch and Tygerberg Academic Hospital, Cape Town, South Africa, National Institutes of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Washington DC, USA, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland and Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN, USA
    • Davies, Mary-Ann. University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA, INSERM U897, Bordeaux University, Bordeaux, France, Mbarara University of Science and Technology, Mbarara, Uganda, City University of New York, New York, NY, USA,Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa, Centre National Hospitalier Universitaire, Cotonou, Benin, Institute of Infectious Disease, Tan Tock Seng Hospital, Singapore, Singapore, Department of Epidemiology, Infectious Diseases Program, Pittsburgh University, Graduate School of Public Health, Pittsburg, PA, USA, Departments of Epidemiology and International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA, Department of Medicine & Center for Infectious Diseases, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa, Infectious Diseases Institute, Kampala, Uganda, Rakai Health Sciences Program, Kalisizo, Uganda, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Hong Kong, China, Center for Global Health, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA, Center for Global Health and Development, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA, Health Economics and Epidemiology Research Office, Department of Internal Medicine, School of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa, Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Stellenbosch and Tygerberg Academic Hospital, Cape Town, South Africa, National Institutes of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Washington DC, USA, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland and Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN, USA
    • Reynolds, Steven J.. University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA, INSERM U897, Bordeaux University, Bordeaux, France, Mbarara University of Science and Technology, Mbarara, Uganda, City University of New York, New York, NY, USA,Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa, Centre National Hospitalier Universitaire, Cotonou, Benin, Institute of Infectious Disease, Tan Tock Seng Hospital, Singapore, Singapore, Department of Epidemiology, Infectious Diseases Program, Pittsburgh University, Graduate School of Public Health, Pittsburg, PA, USA, Departments of Epidemiology and International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA, Department of Medicine & Center for Infectious Diseases, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa, Infectious Diseases Institute, Kampala, Uganda, Rakai Health Sciences Program, Kalisizo, Uganda, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Hong Kong, China, Center for Global Health, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA, Center for Global Health and Development, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA, Health Economics and Epidemiology Research Office, Department of Internal Medicine, School of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa, Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Stellenbosch and Tygerberg Academic Hospital, Cape Town, South Africa, National Institutes of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Washington DC, USA, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland and Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN, USA
    • Egger, Matthias. University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA, INSERM U897, Bordeaux University, Bordeaux, France, Mbarara University of Science and Technology, Mbarara, Uganda, City University of New York, New York, NY, USA,Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa, Centre National Hospitalier Universitaire, Cotonou, Benin, Institute of Infectious Disease, Tan Tock Seng Hospital, Singapore, Singapore, Department of Epidemiology, Infectious Diseases Program, Pittsburgh University, Graduate School of Public Health, Pittsburg, PA, USA, Departments of Epidemiology and International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA, Department of Medicine & Center for Infectious Diseases, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa, Infectious Diseases Institute, Kampala, Uganda, Rakai Health Sciences Program, Kalisizo, Uganda, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Hong Kong, China, Center for Global Health, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA, Center for Global Health and Development, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA, Health Economics and Epidemiology Research Office, Department of Internal Medicine, School of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa, Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Stellenbosch and Tygerberg Academic Hospital, Cape Town, South Africa, National Institutes of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Washington DC, USA, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland and Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN, USA
    • Yiannoutsos, Constantin T.. University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA, INSERM U897, Bordeaux University, Bordeaux, France, Mbarara University of Science and Technology, Mbarara, Uganda, City University of New York, New York, NY, USA,Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa, Centre National Hospitalier Universitaire, Cotonou, Benin, Institute of Infectious Disease, Tan Tock Seng Hospital, Singapore, Singapore, Department of Epidemiology, Infectious Diseases Program, Pittsburgh University, Graduate School of Public Health, Pittsburg, PA, USA, Departments of Epidemiology and International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA, Department of Medicine & Center for Infectious Diseases, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa, Infectious Diseases Institute, Kampala, Uganda, Rakai Health Sciences Program, Kalisizo, Uganda, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Hong Kong, China, Center for Global Health, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA, Center for Global Health and Development, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA, Health Economics and Epidemiology Research Office, Department of Internal Medicine, School of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa, Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Stellenbosch and Tygerberg Academic Hospital, Cape Town, South Africa, National Institutes of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Washington DC, USA, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland and Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN, USA
    • Vittinghoff, Eric V.. University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA, INSERM U897, Bordeaux University, Bordeaux, France, Mbarara University of Science and Technology, Mbarara, Uganda, City University of New York, New York, NY, USA,Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa, Centre National Hospitalier Universitaire, Cotonou, Benin, Institute of Infectious Disease, Tan Tock Seng Hospital, Singapore, Singapore, Department of Epidemiology, Infectious Diseases Program, Pittsburgh University, Graduate School of Public Health, Pittsburg, PA, USA, Departments of Epidemiology and International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA, Department of Medicine & Center for Infectious Diseases, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa, Infectious Diseases Institute, Kampala, Uganda, Rakai Health Sciences Program, Kalisizo, Uganda, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Hong Kong, China, Center for Global Health, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA, Center for Global Health and Development, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA, Health Economics and Epidemiology Research Office, Department of Internal Medicine, School of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa, Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Stellenbosch and Tygerberg Academic Hospital, Cape Town, South Africa, National Institutes of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Washington DC, USA, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland and Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN, USA
    • Deeks, Steven G.. University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA, INSERM U897, Bordeaux University, Bordeaux, France, Mbarara University of Science and Technology, Mbarara, Uganda, City University of New York, New York, NY, USA,Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa, Centre National Hospitalier Universitaire, Cotonou, Benin, Institute of Infectious Disease, Tan Tock Seng Hospital, Singapore, Singapore, Department of Epidemiology, Infectious Diseases Program, Pittsburgh University, Graduate School of Public Health, Pittsburg, PA, USA, Departments of Epidemiology and International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA, Department of Medicine & Center for Infectious Diseases, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa, Infectious Diseases Institute, Kampala, Uganda, Rakai Health Sciences Program, Kalisizo, Uganda, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Hong Kong, China, Center for Global Health, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA, Center for Global Health and Development, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA, Health Economics and Epidemiology Research Office, Department of Internal Medicine, School of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa, Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Stellenbosch and Tygerberg Academic Hospital, Cape Town, South Africa, National Institutes of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Washington DC, USA, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland and Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN, USA
    • Martin, Jeffrey N.. University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA, INSERM U897, Bordeaux University, Bordeaux, France, Mbarara University of Science and Technology, Mbarara, Uganda, City University of New York, New York, NY, USA,Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa, Centre National Hospitalier Universitaire, Cotonou, Benin, Institute of Infectious Disease, Tan Tock Seng Hospital, Singapore, Singapore, Department of Epidemiology, Infectious Diseases Program, Pittsburgh University, Graduate School of Public Health, Pittsburg, PA, USA, Departments of Epidemiology and International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA, Department of Medicine & Center for Infectious Diseases, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa, Infectious Diseases Institute, Kampala, Uganda, Rakai Health Sciences Program, Kalisizo, Uganda, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Hong Kong, China, Center for Global Health, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA, Center for Global Health and Development, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA, Health Economics and Epidemiology Research Office, Department of Internal Medicine, School of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa, Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Stellenbosch and Tygerberg Academic Hospital, Cape Town, South Africa, National Institutes of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Washington DC, USA, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland and Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN, USA
    Type de document
    • Postprint
    Langue
    • Anglais
    Publié dans
    • International Journal of Epidemiology, 2015, vol. 44, no. 1, p. 251-263. Oxford University Press
    Autre version électronique
    Identifiant OAI-PMH
    • oai:doc.rero.ch:296549
    Summary
    Background: Even among HIV-infected patients who fully suppress plasma HIV RNA replication on antiretroviral therapy, genetic (e.g. CCL3L1 copy number), viral (e.g. tropism) and environmental (e.g. chronic exposure to microbial antigens) factors influence CD4 recovery. These factors differ markedly around the world and therefore the expected CD4 recovery during HIV RNA suppression may differ globally. Methods: We evaluated HIV-infected adults from North America, West Africa, East Africa, Southern Africa and Asia starting non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor-based regimens containing efavirenz or nevirapine, who achieved at least one HIV RNA level <500/µl in the first year of therapy and observed CD4 changes during HIV RNA suppression. We used a piecewise linear regression to estimate the influence of region of residence on CD4 recovery, adjusting for socio-demographic and clinical characteristics. We observed 28 217 patients from 105 cohorts over 37 825 person-years. Results: After adjustment, patients from East Africa showed diminished CD4 recovery as compared with other regions. Three years after antiretroviral therapy initiation, the mean CD4 count for a prototypical patient with a pre-therapy CD4 count of 150/µl was 529/µl [95% confidence interval (CI): 517-541] in North America, 494/µl (95% CI: 429-559) in West Africa, 515/µl (95% CI: 508-522) in Southern Africa, 503/µl (95% CI: 478-528) in Asia and 437/µl (95% CI: 425-449) in East Africa. Conclusions: CD4 recovery during HIV RNA suppression is diminished in East Africa as compared with other regions of the world, and observed differences are large enough to potentially influence clinical outcomes. Epidemiological analyses on a global scale can identify macroscopic effects unobservable at the clinical, national or individual regional level